La autorregulación es la habilidad de la persona para controlar su comportamiento y conseguir un mayor bienestar social, mayores niveles de autonomía, autoestima por lo tanto una mayor participación en el colegio y en la vida.
La integración exitosa de las emociones (lo que siente una persona) y de la percepción (lo que sabe o puede hacer), resulta difícil en las personas con TEA.
Los niños y adolescentes con TEA presentan, a menudo, niveles altos de ansiedad por su rigidez mental, inflexibilidad, comunicación y habilidades sociales limitadas, la consciencia de sus diferencias respecto a sus iguales y poca tolerancia a la frustración, hace que la posibilidad de una mala regulación y descontrol emocional y conductual sea elevada a lo largo de sus vidas.
Es por esto que se deben evitar desde la infancia experiencias continuadas de ansiedad.
FACTORES QUE PUEDEN DESENCADENAR LA ANSIEDAD
1.- La percepción de las personas ‘neurotípicas’ como seres complejos, con normas cambiantes.
2.- Dificultad de comunicación social, no poder expresarse bien y no saber cómo unirse a una conversación de grupo. Por ejemplo el recreo en el colegio
3.- Anomalías en el procesamiento sensorial. La gran mayoría de personas tienen algún tipo de hipersensibilidad y los entornos en los que viven les resultan bombardeantes.
4.- No tolerar muy bien los cambios. Anticipar los cambios puede ser una manera de ayudar a reducir la ansiedad.
5.- Dificultad en reconocer las propias emociones hasta que no son «extremas». ¿Qué es más fácil de regular, un inicio de nervios o un estado de histeria?
6.- Miedo al fracaso. Desde la infancia se les corrige su actitud y «aprenden a que van a meter la pata.» Siempre tienen el perdón en la boca, viven en tensión y en constante estado de alerta.
7.- Ser conscientes de lo que implica tener TEA y sentirte diferente también genera ansiedad.
8.- Las personas con TEA suelen tener altos niveles de autoexigencia. Siempre están en tensión para que todo salga perfecto.
9.- Dificultad para tomar decisiones.
10.- Tendencia a tener pensamientos negativos con una memoria emocional intensa. Una memoria que se engancha a episodios negativos y cuando los recuerdan lo hacen con la misma intensidad emocional con la que lo vivieron.
11.- Pensar en posibles conflictos a los que sabes que tienes dificultad de dar solución generan ansiedad.
Es muy importante entonces la regulación emocional. Muchas veces nos fijamos en la conducta pero no prestamos atención a lo que se esconde detrás. La regulación emocional predispone a la persona a aprender, esforzarse y a participar.
CÓMO PODEMOS AYUDAR A CONTROLAR LA ANSIEDAD
Hay factores que desatan la ansiedad que son propios del TEA, pero hay otros que tienen relación con el entorno social y físico.
1.- Asegurar entornos sin una sobrecarga estimular (luces intensas, ruidos fuertes etc.). Si no se pueden controlar, usa elementos que minimicen los estímulos como tapones, auriculares, gafas…
2.- Reducir incertidumbre anticipando, no solo la actividad sino también las cosas que la persona puede hacer en esa actividad.
3.- Equilibrar el día con tareas más demandantes con otras menos exigentes. Equilibrio.
4- Programar momentos de relajación y descanso.
5.- Practicar el ejercicio físico.
6.- Dejar el tiempo necesario para cambiar el foco de atención aunque ya se haya anticipado dicho cambio previamente.
CÓMO DEBEMOS ACTUAR NOSOTROS?
1.- Aprender a estar en silencio y en calma en momentos de altos niveles de ansiedad.
2.- Reconocer momentos en los que la persona está preparada para aprender. No se puede enseñar en momentos de desregulación. No atribuir ‘automáticamente’ mala intención.
3.- Dar tiempo para explicarse. En los momentos de mayor estrés lo primero que se pierde es la capacidad para expresarse.
4.- Respetar los momentos de soledad porque les sirve para relajarse.
5.- Tratar de darle entornos amigables en todos los contextos sociales en los que participa la persona. Para esto es necesario informar sobre sus necesidades a las personas con las que se relaciona.
ESTRATEGIAS DE AUTORREGULACIÓN
1.- Autorregulación emocional: se trata de ayudarles a identificar los primeros signos de ansiedad o, en caso que no tenga capacidad suficiente para hacerlo, detectarlos y aplicar la estrategia de regulación pertinente. Es importante hacer un trabajo de observación para identificar los primeros indicadores. Una vez detectado esta primera fase de ansiedad se puede trabajar mediante ejercicios de relajación, respiración o estrategias de carácter sensorio-motor como pintar, escuchar música, pasear, saltar etc.
2.- Autorregulación cognitiva: cuando es el pensamiento el que me genera ansiedad. Pensar en teorías negativas, conflictos, recuerdos que generan tristeza, decepción etc. Se debe enseñar a modificar ese pensamiento. Técnicas para ayudarles a crear y evocar recuerdos felices como, por ejemplo, mediante imágenes de momentos en los que la persona haya sido feliz. Moldear el pensamiento negativo hacia uno positivo.
3.- Autorregulación conductual: trabajar en monitorizar movimientos, en el control de los impulsos y en la demora de la gratificación.En ese intervalo de tiempo se trata de hacer cosas que relajen a la persona.
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