La ecolalia es un trastorno del habla que consiste en la repetición involuntaria e inconsciente de palabras, frases, e incluso conversaciones o canciones, que el niño haya escuchado en personas, radio o televisión.
También es una parte normal del desarrollo. Todos los niños pasan por la etapa de repetir todo lo que escuchan, esta es una forma de experimentar diferentes sonidos y mejorar las habilidades lingüísticas sociales. A partir de los tres años la ecolalia debería empezar a desaparecer ya que empiezan a crear sus propias frases para comunicarse.
Después del tercer año de vida, la ecolalia se presenta asociada a bajos niveles de comprensión para responder de forma eficaz ante las demandas verbales. Por esto, que cuanto mayor sea la capacidad para generar lenguaje creativo y espontáneo, menor propensión a presentar este trastorno.
La ecolalia es un síntoma de los Trastornos del Espectro Autista (TEA), el síndrome de Tourette, la afasia, la esquizofrenia, la epilepsia, etc.
La repetición puede ser de forma inmediata, (ecolalia inmediata), o transcurrido un tiempo, que puede ser desde segundos o minutos después, hasta años, (ecolalia retardada o diferida). Estas repeticiones, pueden ser más o menos exactas, es decir, se repite toda la oración, incluso la entonación, o solo el final. Pero también puede producirse variaciones en un eco introduciendo modificaciones, (ecolalia mitigada o expandida), lo cual indica un sistema lingüístico más creativo y productivo.
En el caso de los niños con TEA, este lenguaje en eco se presenta con mayor frecuencia y persiste por más tiempo. Alrededor del 80% de todas los niños verbales desarrollan este trastorno, pues, en muchos casos, carecen de las suficientes habilidades para generar lenguaje espontáneo.
Por otra parte la ecolalia es vista como un buen indicador de un desarrollo posterior del habla, porque demuestra que el niño está “sintonizando” con el lenguaje, aunque sea de una forma muy poco efectiva.
Según el uso que se haga de la ecolalia, ésta se clasifica en: ecolalia funcional, que se produce cuando el eco emitido manifiesta una intención comunicativa y ecolalia no funcional, que se caracterizan por carecer de un propósito comunicativo y suelen tener un carácter auto-estimulatorio o autorregulador, (las repeticiones verbales pueden calmar o ser placenteras), y por lo general van acompañadas de otras conductas repetitivas y estereotipadas. Este tipo de ecolalia se presenta en momentos de ansiedad o fatiga.
Es importante tener en cuenta que el niño ecolálico realmente no está entendiendo nada de lo que repite, y no se da cuenta de que lo está haciendo, por lo que no debemos regañarlos por su conducta. Estas repeticiones no son intencionadas, y no pretenden molestar o interrumpir, sino que surgen de manera espontánea, aunque se encuentren totalmente fuera de contexto.
La ecolalia es un trastorno que no tiene cura, pero sí se puede trabajar para que se reduzca el número de repeticiones e intensidad para lograr una mejor comunicación.
Si crees que tu hijo padece de este trastorno, consultalo con un fonoaudiólogo o terapeuta del habla.
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