Muchos de nosotros hemos escuchado esta palabra. PECS. No muchos sabemos de qué se trata. En simples palabras: Es un sistema de comunicación donde se utilizan un intercambio de imágenes.
Uno de los problemas más importantes que se les presentan a las personas con Autismo es la comunicación, y como resultado se ve alterada la interacción social del niño.
El principal objetivo del sistema fue mejorar la comunicación de niños autistas de entre 3 y 5 años de edad. Los símbolos se usan para tareas tales como preguntar, responder, elegir o pedir algo. Las imágenes empleadas pueden ser fotos, dibujos, palabras impresas u objetos. El sistema empieza enseñando que al entregar una imagen a un receptor, este puede interpretar lo que el niño necesita o quiere.
LAS FASES DEL PECS
El primer acercamiento por parte de los padres, terapeutas o profesores, será no verbal si no solo intercambio de las imágenes. El habla se trabaja en las últimas fases del programa. No hay que forzar la vocalización del niño. Debe continuar la terapia hasta que la comunicación de la persona resulte más efectiva con la palabra que con el PECS.
Fase 1: Como comunicarse
Los niños aprenden a intercambiar imágenes individuales por artículos o actividades que les gustan realmente. Es bueno hacer imágenes de sus objetos favoritos o de las meriendas que coma usualmente o juguetes preferidos. (puedes dibujarlas o sacar fotos del objeto y plastificarlas).
Fase 2: Distancia y persistencia
Aún utilizando imágenes individuales, los niños aprenden a generalizar esta nueva habilidad al usarla en diferentes lugares, con diferentes personas y a través de distancias. La clave de esta fase consiste en el aumentar la distancia física entre el terapeuta y el niño. También puede hacerse el distraído, para que el niño aprenda a tocarle para llamar su atención. Después de realizado el intercambio, se reforzará verbalmente. “Ah!, quieres agua” o “quieres tu osito de peluche”.
Fase 3: Discriminación
Deben aprender a elegir entre dos o más imágenes para pedir sus cosas favoritas. Las imágenes se ponen en un “Libro de Comunicación”o pegadas en el refrigerador con imanes, en algún lugar donde las imágenes se almacenan y se toman fácilmente. El niño debe elegir lo que quiere.
Fase 4: Estructuración de frases
Se incorpora el signo: “yo quiero”. Ese símbolo sirve para comenzar una frase seguida de una imagen del elemento que se solicita. Por ejemplo:
YO QUIERO + LECHE
Los individuos aprenden a expandir sus oraciones añadiendo adjetivos, verbos y preposiciones. El terapeuta señala con su dedo los símbolos junto a la estimulación hablada. La asistencia hablada se añadirá al 80% de los intercambios comunicativos a lo largo del día.
Los símbolos pueden necesitar organizarse por categorías. Comidas, juegos, actividades diarias, aseo personal, etc.
Hoy en dia, existe el tablero electrónico, donde el niño lleva un Tablet con los pecs necesarios para indicar sus necesidades.
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